Program:
A set of instructions carried out by a computer machine to solve some given problem is known as program .In other words the functioning of a computer machine is controlled by a set instructions , known as program .
Programming:
Programming is writing instructions for a machine specially acomputer . The machine which woks differently according to the
instruction given to it is called a programmable machine . The
job of these machines is not fixed . We can change the working
plan of the machine by changing the instructions or programs .
Computers are machines that can understand the instruction and
work properly according to the instructions given.
Programming Languages:
The languages which are used to write a computer program iscalled programming languages . The computer has its own language
and any communication with the computer must be in the its
language or translated into the language .
Three Types programming languages are available . They are:
1. Machine Languages .
2. Assembly Language
3. High Level Languages
Sometimes Machine Language and Assembly language are referred to as Low Level Language .
1. Machine Language: The Computer is made of two-state
electronic components which can understand only pulse and no-pulse
conditions ( or 1 and 0 ) . Therefore all instructions and
data should be written using binary codes '1' and '0' . The
binary Code ( '1' and '0') is called machine code or machine
Language . Each computer has its own machine language . So
Machine language is machine dependent and the programmer should
remember machine characteristics when he prepared a program .
Writing a programming in Machine language is a tedious task .
electronic components which can understand only pulse and no-pulse
conditions ( or 1 and 0 ) . Therefore all instructions and
data should be written using binary codes '1' and '0' . The
binary Code ( '1' and '0') is called machine code or machine
Language . Each computer has its own machine language . So
Machine language is machine dependent and the programmer should
remember machine characteristics when he prepared a program .
Writing a programming in Machine language is a tedious task .
2. Assembly Language : An assembly language uses mnemonic
codes rather than numeric codes (as used in machine language
). For example , ADD or A is used as a symbolic operation
code to represent addition and SUB or S is used for subtraction .
codes rather than numeric codes (as used in machine language
). For example , ADD or A is used as a symbolic operation
code to represent addition and SUB or S is used for subtraction .
As the computer understands only machine language, a program
written in assembly language must be translated into machine
language before the program is executed . This translation is
done by a computer program referred to as a assembler .
written in assembly language must be translated into machine
language before the program is executed . This translation is
done by a computer program referred to as a assembler .
3. High level language : These language consist of a set
of words and symbols and one can write programs using these in
conjunction with certain rules like 'English' language . The
most important characteristics of a high-level language is that
it is machine independent and a program written in a high
-level language can be run on computers of different makes with
a little or no modification .
of words and symbols and one can write programs using these in
conjunction with certain rules like 'English' language . The
most important characteristics of a high-level language is that
it is machine independent and a program written in a high
-level language can be run on computers of different makes with
a little or no modification .
Some common High-level languages are given below:
FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, C .
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